Labarai

Gidan yanar gizon IEEE yana sanya kukis akan na'urar ku don samar muku da mafi kyawun ƙwarewar mai amfani.Ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon mu, kun yarda da sanya waɗannan kukis.Don ƙarin koyo, da fatan za a karanta Manufar Sirrin mu.

Manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun RF suna rarraba zafin 5G-da bambanci tsakanin fallasa da kashi

Kenneth R. Foster yana da shekaru da yawa na gwaninta yana nazarin mitar rediyo (RF) radiation da tasirinsa akan tsarin halittu.Yanzu, ya haɗu da wani sabon bincike game da batun tare da wasu masu bincike guda biyu, Marvin Ziskin da Quirino Balzano.Tare, uku daga cikinsu (dukkan IEEE masu zaman kansu) suna da fiye da karni na kwarewa a kan batun.
Binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health a watan Fabrairu, ya duba shekaru 75 da suka gabata na bincike game da kima da kuma nazarin RF.
IEEE Spectrum yayi magana ta hanyar imel tare da farfesa na Jami'ar Pennsylvania Emeritus Foster.Muna son ƙarin koyo game da dalilin da yasa nazarin tantance faɗuwar RF ya yi nasara sosai, abin da ke sa RF dosimetry ya zama mai wahala, da kuma dalilin da ya sa damuwar jama'a game da lafiya da radiation mara waya ba za su taɓa tafiya ba.
Ga waɗanda ba su san bambanci ba, menene bambanci tsakanin fallasa da kashi?

Kenneth Foster: A cikin mahallin aminci na RF, fallasa yana nufin filin waje na jiki, kuma kashi yana nufin makamashin da ke cikin jikin jiki. Dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikace da yawa - misali, likita, lafiyar sana'a, da bincike na aminci na kayan lantarki.
"Don yin nazari mai kyau na bincike game da tasirin ilimin halitta na 5G, duba [Ken] Karipidis' labarin, wanda ya sami 'babu tabbataccen shaida cewa ƙananan filayen RF sama da 6 GHz, kamar waɗanda cibiyoyin sadarwar 5G ke amfani da su, suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam.' "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, Jami'ar Pennsylvania
Foster: Ma'auni na filayen RF a cikin sarari kyauta ba matsala ba ne. Matsala ta ainihi da ta taso a wasu lokuta shine babban bambancin bayyanar RF. Misali, yawancin masana kimiyya suna binciken matakan filin RF a cikin yanayi don magance matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.La'akari da yawan adadin RF a cikin yanayi da kuma saurin lalacewa na filin RF daga kowane tushe, wannan ba aiki mai sauƙi ba ne don ƙalubalantar halayen mutum. aƙalla ga ƴan masana kimiyya waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin haka.

Lokacin da kai da mawallafin ku suka rubuta labarin ku na IJERPH, shine burin ku don nuna nasarori da ƙalubalen ƙalubalen nazarin tantance fallasa?Foster: Burinmu shi ne mu nuna gagarumin ci gaba da binciken kimar fallasa ya samu tsawon shekaru, wanda ya ƙara haske sosai ga nazarin tasirin halittu na filayen mitar rediyo kuma ya haifar da manyan ci gaba a fasahar likitanci.
Nawa kayan aikin nawa suka inganta a waɗannan fannoni? Za ku iya gaya mani kayan aikin da aka samo muku a farkon aikinku, alal misali, idan aka kwatanta da abin da ke akwai a yau? Ta yaya ingantattun kayan aikin ke ba da gudummawa ga nasarar tantancewa?
Foster: Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su don auna filayen RF a cikin binciken lafiya da aminci suna ƙara ƙarami kuma suna da ƙarfi. Wanene zai yi tunanin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata cewa kayan aikin filin kasuwanci za su zama masu ƙarfi da za a kawo su wurin aiki, masu iya auna filayen RF masu ƙarfi don haifar da haɗari na sana'a, duk da haka m isa ya auna filayen rauni daga eriya mai nisa?
Menene zai faru lokacin da fasahar mara waya ta motsa zuwa sabbin maƙallan mitar-misali, milimita da raƙuman ruwa na terahertz don salon salula, ko 6 GHz don Wi-Fi?
Foster: Bugu da ƙari, matsalar tana da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na yanayin da ake nunawa, ba kayan aiki ba. Misali, manyan tashoshin 5G na salon salula suna fitar da igiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda ke motsawa ta sararin samaniya. Wannan ya sa ya zama da wuya a ƙididdige bayyanar da mutane kusa da shafukan yanar gizo don tabbatar da cewa bayyanar ba ta da lafiya (kamar yadda suke kusan kullum).
"Ni da kaina na fi damuwa da yiwuwar tasirin lokacin allo da yawa akan ci gaban yara da batutuwan sirri." Kenneth R. Foster, Jami'ar Pennsylvania

Idan tantancewar fallasa matsala ce da aka warware, menene ya sa tsalle cikin ingantaccen dosimetry ya zama mai wahala? Me ya sa na farko ya fi na ƙarshe sauƙi?
Foster: Dosimetry ya fi ƙalubalanci fiye da tantancewa. Gabaɗaya ba za ku iya shigar da binciken RF a cikin jikin wani ba. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa za ku iya buƙatar wannan bayanin, kamar a cikin maganin hyperthermia don maganin ciwon daji, inda nama dole ne a yi zafi zuwa matakan da aka ƙayyade.
Za ku iya gaya mani game da yadda ake yin dosimetry a yau? Idan ba za ku iya saka bincike a jikin wani ba, menene abu mafi kyau na gaba?
Foster: Yana da kyau a yi amfani da mitoci na RF na zamani don auna filayen cikin iska don dalilai daban-daban. Wannan ba shakka lamarin yake tare da aikin aminci na sana'a, inda kuke buƙatar auna filayen mitar rediyo da ke faruwa akan jikin ma'aikata. Don hyperthermia na asibiti, har yanzu kuna iya buƙatar kirtani marasa lafiya tare da bincike na thermal, amma ƙididdige ƙididdigewa da ƙididdige ƙimar ƙimar ya inganta sosai da haɓaka daidaiton adadin kuzari. Don nazarin tasirin halittu na RF (misali, ta amfani da eriya da aka sanya akan dabbobi), yana da mahimmanci don sanin adadin kuzarin RF a cikin jiki da kuma inda yake tafiya.
Me yasa kuke tunanin akwai damuwa da yawa masu gudana game da radiation mara waya wanda mutane ke auna matakan a gida?

Foster: Haskaka hasashe ne mai rikitarwa kasuwanci.The halaye na rediyo radiation ne sau da yawa haifar da damuwa.Ba za ka iya ganin shi, babu wani kai tsaye mahada tsakanin fallasa da kuma daban-daban effects cewa wasu mutane damu game da, mutane ayan rikita rediyo makamashi makamashi (ba ionizing, ma'ana ta photons ne ma rauni ya karya sinadaran bond) tare da ionizing X-haskoki, da dai sauransu Radiation (gaske sun kasance m zuwa mara waya ta radiations, wasu sun yi imani da cewa suna da haɗari ga masana kimiyya). ba zai iya nuna wannan hankali ba a cikin makafi da kuma nazarin binciken da aka sarrafa.Wasu mutane suna jin tsoro da yawan adadin eriya da ake amfani da su don sadarwa mara waya. Littattafan kimiyya sun ƙunshi rahotanni masu yawa da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na bambance-bambancen inganci ta hanyar da mutum zai iya samun labari mai ban tsoro. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa tabbas akwai matsala ta kiwon lafiya (ko da yake hukumar lafiya ta gano cewa ba su da wata damuwa amma sun ce "ƙarin bincike" ana buƙatar).

Ƙimar fallasa tana taka rawa a cikin wannan.Masu amfani za su iya siyan masu gano RF marasa tsada amma suna da hankali sosai kuma su bincika siginar RF a cikin muhallinsu, waɗanda akwai da yawa.Wasu daga cikin waɗannan na'urorin suna "danna" yayin da suke auna mitar mitar rediyo daga na'urori irin su Wi-Fi access points, kuma za su yi sauti kamar Geiger counter a cikin injin nukiliya na duniya. Abin tsoro.Wasu kuma ana siyar da wannan mita RF.
A bara, Jaridar Likita ta Burtaniya ta buga wani kira don dakatar da jigilar 5G har sai an tabbatar da amincin fasahar. Menene ra'ayinku game da waɗannan kira? Kuna tsammanin za su taimaka wajen sanar da ɓangaren jama'a game da tasirin lafiyar RF, ko kuma haifar da rikicewa? Foster: Kuna magana ne game da wani ra'ayi na [masanin cututtukan cututtukan fata John] Frank, kuma na ƙi yarda da mafi yawan hukumomin bincike, amma mafi yawan binciken kimiyya sun ƙi. aƙalla ɗaya - Hukumar kula da lafiya ta Holland - ta yi kira da a dakatar da ƙaddamar da babban tashar 5G har sai an yi ƙarin bincike na tsaro. Waɗannan shawarwarin sun tabbata za su jawo hankalin jama'a (ko da yake HCN kuma ta yi la'akari da cewa ba za a iya samun matsalolin lafiya ba).
A cikin labarinsa, Frank ya rubuta cewa, "Ƙarfin da ke tasowa na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje yana ba da shawarar [filayen rediyo-mita na lantarki] lalata kwayoyin halitta na RF-EMF."

Wannan ita ce matsalar: akwai dubban nazarin tasirin halittu na RF a cikin adabi. Ƙarshen ƙarshen, dacewa da lafiya, ingancin karatu da matakan watsawa sun bambanta da yawa.Mafi yawansu sun ba da rahoton wani nau'i na tasiri, a kowane nau'i da kuma duk matakan da suka dace. Duk da haka, yawancin karatun sun kasance a cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci na rashin daidaituwa (rashin isasshen dosimetry, rashin makanta, ƙananan samfurin samfurin, da dai sauransu) kuma yawancin binciken sun saba da wasu. Bincike daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya.Waɗannan sun kasa samun tabbataccen shaida na illar filayen RF na yanayi.
Frank ya koka game da rashin daidaituwa a cikin tattaunawa a bainar jama'a "5G" - amma ya yi kuskure iri ɗaya ta hanyar rashin ambaton madaukai na mita lokacin da yake magana akan 5G. A gaskiya ma, ƙananan band da tsakiyar 5G suna aiki a mitoci kusa da ƙungiyoyin salula na yanzu kuma baya bayyana gabatar da sababbin al'amurran da suka shafi. Tasirin halittu a cikin wannan kewayon mitar, amma da ƙyar makamashin ke shiga fata, kuma hukumomin kiwon lafiya ba su nuna damuwa game da amincin sa ba a matakan fallasa gama gari.
Frank bai bayyana abin da bincike yake so ya yi ba kafin ya fitar da "5G," duk abin da yake nufi. [FCC] yana buƙatar masu lasisi don bin iyakokin bayyanarsa, waɗanda suke kama da waɗanda ke cikin yawancin sauran ƙasashe. Babu wata ma'ana don sabon fasahar RF da za a yi la'akari da kai tsaye don tasirin lafiyar RF kafin amincewa, wanda zai iya buƙatar jerin karatun marasa iyaka. Idan FCC ya kamata a canza ƙuntatawa.

Don cikakken bita kan binciken tasirin ilimin halittu na 5G, duba [Ken] Karipidis labarin, wanda ya gano "babu wata cikakkiyar shaida cewa ƙananan filayen RF sama da 6 GHz, kamar waɗanda cibiyoyin sadarwar 5G ke amfani da su, suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Binciken ya kuma bukaci ƙarin bincike.
Littattafan kimiyya sun haɗu, amma har ya zuwa yanzu, hukumomin kiwon lafiya ba su sami wata bayyananniyar shaida na haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga filayen RF na yanayi ba.Amma tabbas, wallafe-wallafen kimiyya game da tasirin ilimin halitta na mmWave yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, tare da kusan karatun 100, kuma na bambance-bambancen inganci.
Gwamnati na samun makudan kudade wajen siyar da bakan don sadarwar 5G, kuma yakamata ta saka wasu daga ciki a cikin ingantaccen bincike na kiwon lafiya, musamman 5G mai girma. A kaina, na fi damuwa da yiwuwar tasirin allo da yawa akan ci gaban yara da abubuwan sirri.
Shin akwai ingantattun hanyoyi don aikin dosimetry? Idan haka ne, menene mafi ban sha'awa ko misalai masu ban sha'awa?

Foster: Wataƙila babban ci gaba shine a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tare da gabatarwar hanyoyin yanki mai iyaka (FDTD) da samfuran lambobi na jiki bisa ga manyan hotuna na likita.Wannan yana ba da damar ƙididdige ƙididdiga na jikin jiki na RF makamashi daga kowane tushe.Dosimetry na lissafin lissafi ya ba da sabuwar rayuwa don kafa hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na likita, irin su hyperthermia da kuma inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya da yawa da kuma inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya na MRI. fasaha.
Michael Koziol shine editan haɗin gwiwa a IEEE Spectrum, wanda ke rufe duk fannonin sadarwa. Ya kammala karatun digiri na Jami'ar Seattle tare da BA a Turanci da Physics, kuma MA a cikin Jarida na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar New York.
A cikin 1992, Asad M. Madni ya ɗauki jagorancin BEI Sensors da Controls, yana kula da layin samfurin wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da kayan aikin kewayawa, amma yana da ƙaramin tushe na abokin ciniki-da farko masana'antar sararin samaniya da tsaro na lantarki.

Yaƙin cacar baki ya ƙare kuma masana'antar tsaron Amurka ta ruguje. Kuma kasuwancin ba zai murmure ba nan da nan. BEI na buƙatar ganowa da jawo sabbin abokan ciniki cikin sauri.
Samun waɗannan kwastomomin yana buƙatar kawar da na'urorin firikwensin inertial na kamfanin don neman sabbin fasahar ma'adini da ba a tabbatar da su ba, da rage na'urori masu auna firikwensin quartz, da canza masana'anta da ke samar da dubun dubatar na'urori masu auna tsada a shekara don samar da miliyoyi cikin arha. masana'anta na firikwensin.
Madni ya matsa da ƙarfi don yin hakan kuma ya sami nasara fiye da yadda kowa zai iya tunanin GyroChip.Wannan ƙarancin inertial ma'aunin firikwensin shine farkon nau'insa da za a haɗa shi cikin mota, yana ba da damar tsarin kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC) don gano zamewa da aiki da birki don hana rollovers.Kamar yadda aka shigar da ESCs a cikin duk sabbin motoci a cikin shekaru biyar-15, an cece waɗannan tsarin daga 2015 zuwa 2010. yana zaune a Amurka kadai, bisa ga Hukumar Kula da Kare Hatsari ta Kasa.
Kayan aikin na ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiyar jiragen sama na kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu da yawa, da kuma tsarin kula da kwanciyar hankali don tsarin jagorar makami mai linzami na Amurka. Har ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Mars a matsayin wani ɓangare na Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Matsayi na yanzu: Babban Farfesa a UCLA; Shugaba mai ritaya, Shugaba da CTO na BEI Technologies

Ilimi: 1968, Kwalejin RCA; BS, 1969 da 1972, MS, UCLA, duka a Injiniyan Lantarki; Ph.D., Jami'ar Jihar California, 1987
Jarumai: Gabaɗaya, mahaifina ya koya mini yadda ake koyo, yadda ake zama ɗan adam, da ma’anar ƙauna, tausayi, da tausayi; a cikin fasaha, Michelangelo; a fannin kimiyya, Albert Einstein; in injiniya In, Claude Shannon
Kiɗa da aka fi so: A cikin kiɗan Yamma, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Gabas music, Ghazals
Membobin ƙungiya: IEEE Life Fellow; Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasar Amurka; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kanada
Kyauta mafi ma'ana: IEEE Medal of Honor: "Gudunmawa na farko don haɓakawa da kasuwanci na sabbin dabaru da fasahohin tsarin, da kuma fitaccen jagoranci na bincike"; UCLA Alumni na Shekarar 2004
Madni ya sami lambar yabo ta IEEE na Daraja ta 2022 don majagaba GyroChip, a tsakanin sauran gudummawar ci gaban fasaha da jagoranci bincike.
Injiniyan ba shine aikin zaɓi na farko na Madni ba. Ya so ya zama mai zane-zane mai kyau.Amma yanayin kuɗi na iyalinsa a Mumbai, Indiya (sa'an nan Mumbai) a cikin 1950s da 1960s ya juya shi zuwa injiniyanci-musamman kayan lantarki, godiya ga sha'awar sabbin sabbin abubuwan da ke kunshe a aljihun radiyon transistor na aljihu a cikin 1966 R. wanda aka kirkireshi a farkon shekarun 1900 don horar da ma'aikatan waya da masu fasaha.
"Ina so in zama injiniyan injiniya wanda zai iya ƙirƙira abubuwa," in ji Madeney, "kuma in yi abubuwan da za su yi tasiri a ƙarshe. Domin idan ba zan iya yin tasiri ga mutane ba, ina jin kamar aikina ba zai cika ba."

Madni ya shiga UCLA a 1969 tare da digiri na farko a injiniyan lantarki bayan shekaru biyu a cikin shirin Fasahar Lantarki a Kwalejin RCA. Ya ci gaba da yin digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir, ta amfani da sarrafa siginar dijital da mitar yankin reflectometry don nazarin tsarin sadarwar sadarwa don binciken bincikensa. A lokacin karatunsa, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Jihar Pacific, David O'vertail reshen Jami'ar Pacific, ya yi aiki a cikin invenly Hills management. kera kayan aikin kwamfuta a Pertec.
Sa'an nan kuma, a cikin 1975, sabon shiga kuma a kan nacewar wani tsohon abokin karatunsa, ya nemi aiki a sashen microwave na Systron Donner.
Madni ya fara zayyana na'urar nazari ta farko ta duniya tare da ajiyar dijital a Systron Donner.Ba a taɓa yin amfani da na'urar tantancewa ba kafin-suna da tsada sosai a lokacin-amma ya san ka'idar da kyau don shawo kan kansa ya ɗauki aikin.Sa'an nan kuma ya shafe watanni shida yana gwaji, yana samun kwarewa tare da kayan aiki kafin ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake tsara shi.
Aikin ya ɗauki shekaru biyu, kuma, a cewar Madni, ya haifar da muhimman haƙƙin mallaka guda uku, wanda ya fara "hawan hawansa zuwa abubuwa mafi girma da mafi kyau." Har ila yau, ya koya masa godiya ga bambanci tsakanin "abin da ake nufi da ilimin ka'idar da kuma sayar da fasahar da za ta iya taimaka wa wasu," in ji shi.

Hakanan zamu iya keɓance abubuwan rf m bisa ga buƙatun ku. Kuna iya shigar da shafin keɓancewa don samar da ƙayyadaddun bayanai da kuke buƙata.
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