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Bukatar sadarwa ta wayar salula da ke ƙaruwa koyaushe ta haifar da ci gaba da bunƙasa fasahar mara waya (G), wanda zai iya haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan tsarin halittu. Don gwada wannan, mun fallasa beraye ga fallasa kai ɗaya ga juyin halitta na dogon lokaci na 4G (LTE) -1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) na tsawon awanni 2. Sannan muka tantance tasirin kumburin jijiyoyi mai tsanani da lipopolysaccharide ke haifarwa akan murfin sararin samaniya na microglia da aikin neurophysiological neuronal a cikin babban cortex na ji (ACx). Matsakaicin SAR a cikin ACx shine 0.5 W/kg. Rikodin raka'a da yawa sun nuna cewa LTE-EMF yana haifar da raguwar ƙarfin amsawa ga sautunan tsarki da sautin halitta, yayin da ƙaruwa a cikin matakin acoustic don mitoci masu ƙarancin da matsakaici.Iba1 immunohistochemistry bai nuna wani canji a yankin da jikin microglial da hanyoyin aiki suka rufe ba. A cikin beraye masu lafiya, bayyanar LTE iri ɗaya bai haifar da canje-canje a cikin ƙarfin amsawa da iyakokin acoustic ba. Bayananmu sun nuna cewa kumburin jijiyoyi mai tsanani yana sa neurons su ji daɗin LTE-EMF, wanda ke haifar da canjin sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da acoustic a cikin ACx.
Yanayin lantarki na ɗan adam ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata saboda ci gaba da faɗaɗa sadarwa mara waya. A halin yanzu, fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na al'umma ana ɗaukar su masu amfani da wayar hannu (MP). Yaɗuwar wannan fasaha ta haifar da damuwa da muhawara game da illolin da ke tattare da filayen lantarki na pulsed electromagnetic (EMFs) a cikin kewayon mitar rediyo (RF), waɗanda 'yan majalisar dokoki ko tashoshin tushe ke fitarwa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na ɓoye bayanai. Wannan batun lafiyar jama'a ya zaburar da wasu nazarce-nazarce na gwaji da aka keɓe don bincika tasirin shaƙar mitar rediyo a cikin kyallen halitta. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nazarce-nazarcen sun nemi canje-canje a cikin ayyukan hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi da hanyoyin fahimta, idan aka yi la'akari da kusancin kwakwalwa da tushen RF a ƙarƙashin amfani da MP mai yawa. Yawancin nazarce-nazarce da aka ruwaito sun magance tasirin siginar da aka daidaita bugun jini da aka yi amfani da su a tsarin duniya na ƙarni na biyu (2G) don sadarwa ta hannu (GSM) ko rarraba lambar wideband mai yawa (WCDMA)/tsarin sadarwa ta wayar hannu na ƙarni na uku (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2,3,4,5. Ba a san komai game da tasirin siginar mitar rediyo da ake amfani da ita a ayyukan wayar hannu na ƙarni na huɗu (4G), waɗanda suka dogara da Tsarin Intanet na dijital gaba ɗaya. Fasaha mai suna fasahar Long Term Evolution (LTE). An ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 2011, ana sa ran sabis ɗin wayar hannu na LTE zai kai ga masu biyan kuɗi na LTE biliyan 6.6 a duniya a watan Janairun 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin GSM (2G) da WCDMA (3G) bisa tsarin daidaitawa na mai ɗaukar kaya ɗaya, LTE yana amfani da Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) a matsayin tsarin sigina na asali6. A duk faɗin duniya, ayyukan wayar hannu na LTE suna amfani da kewayon mitar mita daban-daban tsakanin 450 da 3700 MHz, gami da madannin 900 da 1800 MHz waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a GSM.
Ikon fallasa RF ga ayyukan halittu galibi yana da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙimar sha (SAR) da aka bayyana a cikin W/kg, wanda ke auna kuzarin da aka sha a cikin kyallen halitta. An bincika tasirin fallasa kai na mintuna 30 na mintuna 30 ga siginar LTE 2.573 GHz akan ayyukan hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi na duniya kwanan nan a cikin masu sa kai na mutane masu lafiya. Ta amfani da yanayin hutu na fMRI, an lura cewa fallasa LTE na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen mitar jinkiri da canje-canje a cikin haɗin kai na ciki ko tsakanin yankuna, yayin da aka kiyasta matakan SAR na sarari waɗanda suka kai gram 10 na kyallen sun bambanta tsakanin 0.42 da 1.52 W/ kg, bisa ga batutuwa na 7, 8, 9. Binciken EEG a ƙarƙashin yanayin fallasa iri ɗaya (tsawon mintuna 30, ƙimar matakin SAR mafi girma na 1.34 W/kg ta amfani da samfurin kai na ɗan adam) ya nuna raguwar ƙarfin gani da haɗin kai na hemispheric a cikin alpha da beta bands. Duk da haka, wasu bincike guda biyu bisa ga nazarin EEG sun gano cewa mintuna 20 ko 30 na fallasa kai na LTE, tare da matsakaicin matakan SAR na gida da aka saita a kusan 2 W/kg, ko dai ba su da wani abin da za a iya ganowa. sakamako11 ko kuma ya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin gani a cikin rukunin alpha, yayin da fahimta ba ta canza a cikin aikin da aka kimanta tare da gwajin Stroop 12 ba. An kuma sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin sakamakon EEG ko nazarin fahimta musamman duba tasirin bayyanar GSM ko UMTS EMF. Ana tsammanin sun taso ne daga bambance-bambancen ƙira da sigogin gwaji, gami da nau'in sigina da daidaitawa, ƙarfin fallasa da tsawon lokaci, ko kuma daga bambancin ra'ayi a cikin mutane dangane da shekaru, yanayin jiki, ko jinsi.
Zuwa yanzu, an yi amfani da ƙananan binciken dabbobi don tantance yadda fallasa ga siginar LTE ke shafar aikin kwakwalwa. Kwanan nan an ruwaito cewa fallasa ga beraye masu tasowa daga matakin tayi zuwa yayewa (minti 30/rana, kwana 5/sati, tare da matsakaicin SAR na jiki gaba ɗaya na 0.5 ko 1 W/kg) ya haifar da canjin yanayin motsi da sha'awar abinci a lokacin girma 14. An gano cewa sake fallasa ga jiki (ha 2 a kowace rana na tsawon makonni 6) a cikin beraye manya yana haifar da damuwa ta oxidative da rage girman damar gani da aka samu daga jijiyar gani, tare da matsakaicin SAR da aka kiyasta yana ƙasa da 10 mW/kg15.
Baya ga bincike a ma'auni daban-daban, gami da matakan ƙwayoyin halitta da na ƙwayoyin halitta, ana iya amfani da samfuran beraye don nazarin tasirin fallasa RF yayin cututtuka, kamar yadda aka mayar da hankali a kai a baya kan GSM ko WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF a cikin mahallin kumburin jijiyoyi mai tsanani. Nazarin ya nuna tasirin farfadiya, cututtukan neurodegenerative ko gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Berayen da aka yi wa allurar Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) wani tsari ne na gargajiya na martanin kumburin jijiyoyi masu tsanani da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa waɗanda ke shafar yawancin jama'a kowace shekara. Wannan yanayin kumburi yana haifar da wata cuta mai jurewa da kuma yanayin ɗabi'a mai baƙin ciki wanda ke nuna zazzaɓi, rashin ci, da raguwar hulɗar zamantakewa. Kwayoyin halittar CNS masu zama kamar microglia sune manyan ƙwayoyin da ke haifar da wannan martanin kumburin jijiyoyi. Maganin beraye tare da LPS yana haifar da kunna ƙwayoyin microglia wanda ke da alaƙa da sake fasalin siffarsu da hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da canje-canje masu zurfi a cikin bayanin martaba, gami da haɓaka kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ɗauke da cytokines masu kumburi ko enzymes, waɗanda ke shafar hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi Ayyukan 22, 23, 24.
Nazartar tasirin fallasa kai guda ɗaya na tsawon sa'o'i 2 ga GSM-1800 MHz EMF a cikin berayen da aka yi wa magani da LPS, mun gano cewa siginar GSM tana haifar da martanin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kwakwalwa, tana shafar bayyanar kwayoyin halitta, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, harbawar jijiyoyi da kuma yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwakwalwa. Ba a gano waɗannan tasirin a cikin berayen lafiya waɗanda suka sami irin wannan fallasar GSM ba, yana nuna cewa yanayin kumburin jijiyoyi da LPS ke haifarwa yana sa ƙwayoyin CNS su ji daɗin siginar GSM. Da yake mai da hankali kan ƙwayar ji (ACx) na berayen da aka yi wa magani da LPS, inda SAR na gida ya kai matsakaicin 1.55 W/kg, mun lura cewa fallasar GSM ya haifar da ƙaruwa a tsayi ko rassan hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da raguwar amsoshin jijiyoyi da aka haifar da sautuka masu tsabta da .Natural Stimulation 28.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi nufin bincika ko fallasa siginar LTE-1800 MHz ta kai kaɗai zai iya canza yanayin microglial da aikin jijiyoyi a cikin ACx, wanda hakan zai rage ƙarfin fallasa da kashi biyu bisa uku. Mun nuna a nan cewa siginar LTE ba ta da wani tasiri a kan hanyoyin microglial amma har yanzu ta haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ayyukan cortical da aka haifar da sauti a cikin ACx na berayen da aka yi wa magani da LPS tare da ƙimar SAR na 0.5 W/kg.
Ganin shaidar da ta gabata cewa fallasa ga GSM-1800 MHz ya canza yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin yanayin kumburi, mun bincika wannan tasirin bayan fallasa ga siginar LTE.
An yi wa berayen manya allurar LPS awanni 24 kafin fallasa kansu ga sham ko fallasa su ga LTE-1800 MHz. Bayan fallasa, an gano cewa martanin kumburin da LPS ya haifar sun bayyana a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙaruwar kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da kumburi da canje-canje a cikin yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta na cortical microglia (Hoto na 1). An saita ƙarfin da kan LTE ya fallasa don samun matsakaicin matakin SAR na 0.5 W/kg a cikin ACx (Hoto na 2). Don tantance ko ƙwayoyin cuta masu kunna LPS suna amsawa ga LTE EMF, mun bincika sassan cortical da aka shafa da anti-Iba1 waɗanda aka yiwa lakabi da waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3a, a cikin sassan ACx da aka gyara awanni 3 zuwa 4 bayan fallasarsu ga sham ko LTE, ƙwayoyin cuta sun yi kama da juna sosai, suna nuna yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta "mai kama da mai yawa" wanda maganin LPS ya haifar (Hoto na 1). Dangane da rashin martanin morphological, nazarin hoto mai yawa bai nuna wani babban bambanci a cikin jimlar yanki ba (gwajin t-ba tare da haɗin gwiwa ba, p = 0.308) ko yanki (p = 0.196) da kuma yawan (p = 0.061) na aikin rigakafi na Iba1 idan aka kwatanta fallasa ga jikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu tabo na Iba 1 a cikin beraye na LTE idan aka kwatanta da dabbobin da suka fallasa gawawwakinsu (Hoto na 3b-d).
Tasirin allurar LPS ip akan yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta na cortical microglia. Wakiltar kallon ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sashin ƙwayar cuta na kwakwalwa (yankin dorsomedial) awanni 24 bayan allurar LPS ko abin hawa a cikin peritoneal. An yi wa ƙwayoyin cuta fenti da maganin rigakafi na anti-Iba1 kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya. Maganin LPS pro-inflammatory ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da kauri kusa da kuma ƙara ƙananan rassan hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na sakandare, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar "mai yawa". Ma'aunin sikelin: 20 µm.
Binciken dosimetric na takamaiman ƙimar sha (SAR) a cikin kwakwalwar bera yayin fallasa ga 1800 MHz LTE. An yi amfani da wani samfurin da aka bayyana a baya na bera mai launin fata da madauki62 don tantance SAR na gida a cikin kwakwalwa, tare da grid mai siffar cubic 0.5 mm3.(a) Ra'ayin duniya na samfurin bera a cikin yanayin fallasa tare da eriya mai madauki a sama da kai da kuma kushin zafi na ƙarfe (rawaya) a ƙasa da jiki.(b) Rarraba ƙimar SAR a cikin kwakwalwar manya a ƙudurin sarari na 0.5 mm3. Yankin da aka raba ta hanyar baƙar fata a cikin sashin sagittal ya yi daidai da babban ƙwayar ji inda ake nazarin ayyukan microglial da neuronal. Girman ƙimar SAR mai launi ya shafi duk kwaikwayon lambobi da aka nuna a cikin hoton.
Microglia da aka yi wa allurar LPS a cikin kwakwalwar bera bayan fallasa LTE ko Sham.(a) Wakiltar kallon microglia mai cike da kwayar cutar anti-Iba1 a cikin sassan coronal na kwayar cutar LPS mai cike da bera awanni 3 zuwa 4 bayan fallasa Sham ko LTE (bayyana). Ma'aunin sikelin: 20 µm.(bd) Kimanta yanayin microglia awanni 3 zuwa 4 bayan fallasa sham (dige-dige a buɗe) ko fallasa LTE (dige-dige a fallasa).(b, c) Rufin sarari (b) na alamar microglia Iba1 da yankunan jikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau na Iba1 (c). Bayanai suna wakiltar yankin tabo na anti-Iba1 wanda aka daidaita zuwa matsakaicin dabbobin da Sham ya fallasa.(d) Adadin jikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar anti-Iba1. Bambance-bambance tsakanin dabbobin Sham (n = 5) da LTE (n = 6) ba su da mahimmanci (p > 0.05, gwajin t-ba tare da haɗin kai ba). Sama da ƙasan akwatin, layukan sama da ƙasa suna wakiltar Kashi na 25-75 da kuma kashi na 5-95, bi da bi. Matsakaicin ƙimar an yi masa alama da ja a cikin akwatin.
Tebur na 1 ya taƙaita lambobin dabbobi da rikodin raka'a da yawa da aka samu a cikin babban ɓangaren ji na ƙungiyoyi huɗu na beraye (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). A cikin sakamakon da ke ƙasa, mun haɗa da duk rikodin da ke nuna babban filin karɓar lokaci na spectral (STRF), watau, amsoshin da aka haifar da sautin aƙalla karkacewa 6 na yau da kullun sama da ƙimar harbi kwatsam (duba Tebur 1). Ta amfani da wannan ma'auni, mun zaɓi rikodin 266 don ƙungiyar Sham, rikodin 273 don ƙungiyar Exposed, rikodin 299 don ƙungiyar Sham-LPS, da rikodin 295 don ƙungiyar Exposed-LPS.
A cikin sakin layi masu zuwa, za mu fara bayyana sigogin da aka samo daga filin karɓa na spectral-temporal (wato, martani ga sautunan tsarki) da kuma martani ga takamaiman sautin xenogeneic. Sannan za mu bayyana ƙididdige yankin amsawar mita da aka samu ga kowane rukuni. Idan aka yi la'akari da kasancewar "bayanan da aka haɗa"30 a cikin ƙirar gwajinmu, duk nazarin ƙididdiga an yi su ne bisa ga adadin matsayi a cikin jerin electrode (layi na ƙarshe a cikin Jadawali na 1), amma duk tasirin da aka bayyana a ƙasa suma sun dogara ne akan adadin matsayi a cikin kowane rukuni. Jimlar adadin rikodin raka'a da yawa da aka tattara (layi na uku a cikin Jadawali na 1).
Siffa ta 4a ta nuna mafi kyawun rarrabawar mita (BF, yana haifar da mafi girman amsawa a 75 dB SPL) na ƙwayoyin halittar cortical da aka samu a cikin Sham da aka yi wa magani da dabbobin da aka fallasa da LPS. An faɗaɗa kewayon mitar BF a cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu daga 1 kHz zuwa 36 kHz. Binciken ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa waɗannan rarrabawar sun yi kama da juna (chi-square, p = 0.278), yana nuna cewa za a iya yin kwatancen tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu ba tare da nuna son kai ga samfurin ba.
Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan sigogin da aka ƙayyade na martanin cortical a cikin dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS.(a) Rarraba BF a cikin ƙwayoyin cortical na dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS waɗanda aka fallasa ga LTE (baƙi) da kuma waɗanda aka fallasa ga LTE (fari). Babu wani bambanci tsakanin rarrabawa guda biyu.(bf) Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan sigogin da ke auna filin karɓar lokaci na spectral (STRF). An rage ƙarfin amsawa sosai (*p < 0.05, gwajin t mara haɗin kai) a cikin duka STRF (ƙarfin amsawa gaba ɗaya) da kuma mitoci mafi kyau (b,c). Tsawon lokacin amsawa, bandwidth na amsawa, da kuma daidaitaccen bandwidth (df). Duk ƙarfin da amincin lokaci na martani ga sautin murya sun ragu (g, h). Ba a rage ayyukan kwatsam ba (i).(*p < 0.05, gwajin t mara haɗin kai).(j,k) Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan maƙallan cortical. Matsakaicin maƙallan sun fi girma sosai a cikin berayen da aka fallasa ga LTE idan aka kwatanta da berayen da aka fallasa ga sham. Wannan tasirin ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙananan mitoci da matsakaici.
Hotuna na 4b-f sun nuna rarrabawar sigogi da aka samo daga STRF ga waɗannan dabbobin (ma'auni da aka nuna ta layukan ja). Tasirin fallasa LTE akan dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS ya bayyana yana nuna raguwar motsin jijiyoyi. Da farko, ƙarfin amsawa da martani gabaɗaya sun yi ƙasa sosai a cikin BF idan aka kwatanta da dabbobin Sham-LPS (Hoto na 4b,c gwajin t mara haɗin kai, p = 0.0017; da p = 0.0445). Haka kuma, martani ga sautunan sadarwa sun ragu a cikin ƙarfin amsawa da amincin tsakanin gwaji (Hoto na 4g,h; gwajin t mara haɗin kai, p = 0.043). An rage ayyukan kwatsam, amma wannan tasirin bai yi mahimmanci ba (Hoto na 4i; p = 0.0745). Tsawon lokacin amsawa, daidaita bandwidth, da jinkirin amsawa ba su shafi bayyanar LTE a cikin dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS ba (Hoto na 4d-f), yana nuna cewa zaɓin mita da daidaito na amsoshin farko ba su shafi bayyanar LTE a cikin dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS ba.
Mun sake tantance ko an canza iyakokin cortical mai tsabta ta hanyar fallasa LTE. Daga yankin amsawar mita (FRA) da aka samu daga kowane rikodi, mun ƙayyade iyakokin ji don kowane mita kuma mun auna waɗannan iyakokin ga ƙungiyoyin dabbobi biyu. Hoto na 4j yana nuna matsakaicin iyakokin (± sem) daga 1.1 zuwa 36 kHz a cikin beraye da aka yi wa magani da LPS. Kwatanta iyakokin ji na ƙungiyoyin Sham da Exposed ya nuna ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin iyakokin dabbobi da aka fallasa idan aka kwatanta da dabbobin Sham (Hoto na 4j), wani tasiri wanda ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙananan mitoci da matsakaici. Mafi daidai, a ƙananan mitoci (< 2.25 kHz), rabon ƙwayoyin A1 masu babban matakin ya ƙaru, yayin da rabon ƙananan da matsakaici na ƙananan jijiyoyi ya ragu (chi-square = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Hoto na 4k, hagu). An ga irin wannan tasirin a tsakiyar mita (2.25 < Freq(kHz) < 11): mafi girman rabo na rikodin cortical tare da matsakaicin matsayi da ƙaramin rabo na neurons tare da ƙananan matakai idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar da ba a fallasa ba (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001; Hoto na 4k, tsakiyar panel). Akwai kuma babban bambanci a cikin iyaka ga neurons masu yawan mita (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); rabon neurons masu ƙarancin matsayi ya ragu kuma rabon matsakaicin matsayi ya ƙaru (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Hoto na 4k, sashin dama).
Siffa ta 5a ta nuna mafi kyawun rarrabawar mita (BF, yana haifar da matsakaicin amsawa a 75 dB SPL) na ƙwayoyin halittar cortical da aka samu a cikin dabbobi masu lafiya don ƙungiyoyin Sham da Exposed. Binciken ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa rarrabawar guda biyu sun yi kama da juna (chi-square, p = 0.157), yana nuna cewa za a iya yin kwatancen tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu ba tare da nuna son kai ga samfurin ba.
Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan sigogin da aka ƙayyade na martanin cortical a cikin dabbobi masu lafiya.(a) Rarraba BF a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar cortical na dabbobin lafiya da aka fallasa ga LTE (shuɗi mai duhu) da kuma waɗanda aka fallasa ga LTE (shuɗi mai haske). Babu bambanci tsakanin rarrabawa guda biyu.(bf) Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan sigogin da ke auna filin karɓar lokaci na spectral (STRF). Babu wani canji mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙarfin amsawa a fadin STRF da mitoci mafi kyau (b,c). Akwai ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin tsawon lokacin amsawa (d), amma babu canji a cikin bandwidth da bandwidth na amsawa (e, f). Ƙarfi ko amincin lokaci na martani ga sautin murya bai canza ba (g, h). Babu wani canji mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin kwatsam (i).(*p < 0.05 gwajin t mara haɗin gwiwa).(j,k) Tasirin bayyanar LTE akan iyakokin cortical. A matsakaici, ba a canza iyakokin sosai a cikin berayen da aka fallasa ga LTE ba idan aka kwatanta da berayen da aka fallasa ga Sham, amma manyan iyakokin mita sun ɗan yi ƙasa a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa.
Hotuna na 5b-f sun nuna jerin akwatunan da ke wakiltar rarrabawa da matsakaicin (layin ja) na sigogi da aka samo daga saitin STRF guda biyu. A cikin dabbobi masu lafiya, fallasa LTE da kanta ba ta da wani tasiri a kan matsakaicin ƙimar sigogin STRF. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar Sham (akwatunan haske da shuɗi masu duhu ga ƙungiyar da aka fallasa), fallasa LTE bai canza jimlar ƙarfin amsawa ko amsawar BF ba (Hoto na 5b,c; gwajin t mara haɗin kai, p = 0.2176, da p = 0.8696 bi da bi). Babu kuma wani tasiri akan bandwidth na spectral da latency (p = 0.6764 da p = 0.7129, bi da bi), amma akwai ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tsawon lokacin amsawa (p = 0.047). Hakanan babu wani tasiri akan ƙarfin amsawar murya (Hoto na 5g, p = 0.4375), amincin waɗannan martanin tsakanin gwaji (Hoto na 5h, p = 0.3412), da kuma aikin kwatsam (Hoto na 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Siffa ta 5j ta nuna matsakaicin ma'aunin (± sem) daga 1.1 zuwa 36 kHz a cikin berayen lafiya. Bai nuna bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin berayen sham da waɗanda aka fallasa ba, sai dai ƙaramin ma'auni a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa a manyan mitoci (11-36 kHz) (gwajin t-ba tare da haɗin kai ba, p = 0.0083). Wannan tasirin yana nuna gaskiyar cewa a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa, a cikin wannan kewayon mitoci (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Hoto na 5k), akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi tare da ƙananan ma'auni da matsakaici (yayin da manyan ma'auni) ƙananan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi).
A ƙarshe, lokacin da dabbobi masu lafiya suka fuskanci LTE, babu wani tasiri a kan ƙarfin amsawa ga sautuka masu tsabta da sautuka masu rikitarwa kamar su sautin murya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin dabbobi masu lafiya, matakan ji na cortical sun kasance iri ɗaya tsakanin dabbobin da aka fallasa da dabbobi marasa kyau, yayin da a cikin dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS, bayyanar LTE ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin matakan cortical, musamman a cikin ƙananan da matsakaicin mita.
Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa a cikin beraye manya maza da ke fuskantar kumburin jijiyoyi mai tsanani, fallasa su ga LTE-1800 MHz tare da SARACx na gida na 0.5 W/kg (duba Hanyoyi) ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙarfin amsawar da aka haifar da sauti a cikin rikodin sadarwa na farko. Waɗannan canje-canje a cikin aikin jijiyoyi sun faru ba tare da wani canji a fili ba a cikin girman yankin sararin samaniya da hanyoyin microglial suka rufe. Wannan tasirin LTE akan ƙarfin martanin da aka haifar da cortical ba a lura da shi ba a cikin beraye masu lafiya. Idan aka yi la'akari da kamanceceniya a cikin mafi kyawun rarraba mita tsakanin raka'o'in rikodi a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa LTE da waɗanda aka fallasa, bambance-bambancen da ke cikin amsawar jijiyoyi za a iya danganta su da tasirin halittu na siginar LTE maimakon son ɗaukar samfurin samfuri (Hoto na 4a). Bugu da ƙari, rashin canje-canje a cikin jinkirin amsawa da bandwidth na daidaitawa a cikin beraye da aka fallasa LTE yana nuna cewa, wataƙila, an ɗauki waɗannan rikodin daga yadudduka iri ɗaya na cortical, waɗanda ke cikin manyan ACx maimakon yankuna na biyu.
A saninmu, ba a taɓa bayar da rahoton tasirin siginar LTE akan martanin jijiyoyi ba a baya. Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna ikon GSM-1800 MHz ko 1800 MHz ci gaba da raƙuman ruwa (CW) don canza motsin jijiyoyi, duk da cewa tare da manyan bambance-bambance dangane da hanyar gwaji. Jim kaɗan bayan fallasa ga 1800 MHz CW a matakin SAR na 8.2 W/Kg, rikodin daga ganglia na ƙasƙanta ya nuna raguwar ƙofofin don haifar da yuwuwar aiki da daidaitawar jijiyoyi. A gefe guda kuma, an rage yawan ayyukan fashewa da fashewa a cikin al'adun jijiyoyi na farko da aka samo daga kwakwalwar bera ta hanyar fallasa ga GSM-1800 MHz ko 1800 MHz CW na mintuna 15 a SAR na 4.6 W/kg. Wannan hanawa an sake mayar da shi kaɗan ne kawai cikin mintuna 30 bayan fallasa. An cimma cikakken shiru na jijiyoyi a SAR na 9.2 W/kg. Binciken martanin allurai ya nuna cewa GSM-1800 MHz ya fi tasiri fiye da 1800 MHz CW wajen rage ayyukan fashewa, yana mai nuna cewa martanin jijiyoyi sun dogara ne akan daidaitawar siginar RF.
A yanayinmu, an tattara amsoshin da aka ji daga cortical a cikin jiki awanni 3 zuwa 6 bayan an gama fallasa kai na awanni 2 kawai. A cikin wani bincike da ya gabata, mun binciki tasirin GSM-1800 MHz a SARACx na 1.55 W/kg kuma ba mu sami wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan amsoshin da aka ji daga sauti a cikin berayen lafiya ba. A nan, babban tasirin da aka samu a cikin berayen lafiya ta hanyar fallasa LTE-1800 a 0.5 W/kg SARACx shine ɗan ƙaruwa kaɗan a cikin tsawon lokacin amsawar bayan gabatar da sautunan tsarki. Wannan tasirin yana da wuya a bayyana saboda ba ya tare da ƙaruwar ƙarfin amsawa, yana nuna cewa wannan tsawon lokacin amsawa yana faruwa tare da jimlar adadin ƙarfin aiki da ƙwayoyin cortical ke kunnawa. Ɗaya daga cikin bayani na iya zama cewa fallasa LTE na iya rage ayyukan wasu ƙwayoyin interneurons masu hanawa, kamar yadda aka rubuta cewa a cikin babban hana ciyarwar ACx yana sarrafa tsawon lokacin amsoshin ƙwayoyin pyramidal da aka haifar ta hanyar shigar da thalamic mai motsawa33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Sabanin haka, a cikin beraye da aka fuskanci kumburin jijiyoyi da LPS ya haifar, fallasa LTE ba shi da wani tasiri a kan tsawon lokacin harbin jijiyoyi da sauti ya haifar, amma an gano manyan tasirin akan ƙarfin martanin da aka tayar. A zahiri, idan aka kwatanta da martanin jijiyoyi da aka rubuta a cikin beraye da LPS ya fallasa, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a cikin beraye da LPS ya shafa wa LTE sun nuna raguwar ƙarfin martaninsu, wani tasiri da aka lura yayin gabatar da sautuka masu tsabta da kuma sautin halitta. Rage ƙarfin amsawa ga sautuka masu tsabta ya faru ba tare da rage girman bandwidth na spectral tuning bandwidth na 75 dB ba, kuma tunda ya faru a duk ƙarfin sauti, ya haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin matakan acoustic na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na cortical a ƙananan mitoci da matsakaici.
Rage ƙarfin amsawar da aka tayar ya nuna cewa tasirin siginar LTE a SARACx na 0.5 W/kg a cikin dabbobin da aka yi wa magani da LPS yayi kama da na GSM-1800 MHz da aka yi amfani da shi sau uku mafi girma na SARACx (1.55 W/kg) 28. Dangane da siginar GSM, fallasa kai ga LTE-1800 MHz na iya rage ƙarfin jijiyoyi a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar ACx na bera waɗanda ke fuskantar kumburin jijiyoyi da LPS ya haifar. Dangane da wannan hasashe, mun kuma lura da yanayin da ke haifar da raguwar ingancin amsawar jijiyoyi ga sautin jijiyoyi (Hoto na 4h) da raguwar aikin kwatsam (Hoto na 4i). Duk da haka, ya yi wuya a tantance a cikin vivo ko siginar LTE tana rage ƙarfin jijiyoyi ko rage shigar synaptic, ta haka ne ke sarrafa martanin jijiyoyi a cikin ACx.
Da farko, waɗannan raunin martani na iya kasancewa saboda raguwar motsin ƙwayoyin cortical bayan fallasa su ga LTE 1800 MHz. Tare da goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin, GSM-1800 MHz da 1800 MHz-CW sun rage aikin fashewar lokacin da aka yi amfani da su kai tsaye ga manyan al'adun ƙwayoyin cortical na ƙwayoyin cortical tare da matakan SAR na 3.2 W/kg da 4.6 W/kg, bi da bi, amma an buƙaci matakin SAR mai iyaka don rage yawan fashewar sosai. Don ba da shawara ga rage yawan motsawar ciki, mun kuma lura da ƙarancin yawan harbin da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa fiye da dabbobin da aka fallasa su.
Na biyu, fallasa LTE na iya shafar watsawar synaptic daga synapses na thalamo-cortical ko cortical-cortical. Bayanan da yawa yanzu sun nuna cewa, a cikin kwakwalwan ji, faɗin daidaita spectral ba wai kawai ana tantance shi ta hanyar hasashen thalamic afferent ba, amma haɗin gwiwa a cikin cortical yana ba da ƙarin shigarwar spectral ga wuraren cortical39,40. A cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, gaskiyar cewa cortical STRF ya nuna irin wannan bandwidth a cikin dabbobin da aka fallasa da waɗanda aka fallasa kai tsaye ya nuna cewa tasirin fallasa LTE ba tasiri bane akan haɗin cortical-cortical. Wannan kuma yana nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa mafi girma a wasu yankuna na cortical da aka fallasa a SAR fiye da yadda aka auna a cikin ACx (Hoto na 2) bazai zama alhakin martanin da aka canza da aka ruwaito a nan ba.
A nan, mafi yawan rikodin cortical da LPS ta fallasa sun nuna manyan matakai idan aka kwatanta da dabbobin da LPS ta fallasa. Ganin cewa an gabatar da shawarar cewa matakin cortical acoustic galibi yana da iko ta hanyar ƙarfin thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, ana iya zargin cewa watsa thalamo-cortical yana raguwa kaɗan ta hanyar fallasa, ko dai presynaptic (rage sakin glutamate) ko matakin postsynaptic (rage adadin masu karɓa ko kusanci).
Kamar tasirin GSM-1800 MHz, martanin da LTE ya haifar ya faru ne a cikin mahallin kumburin jijiyoyi da LPS ya haifar, wanda aka siffanta shi da martanin jijiyoyi na microglial. Shaidar da ake da ita a yanzu ta nuna cewa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suna da tasiri sosai kan ayyukan hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi a cikin kwakwalwa ta yau da kullun da ta hanyar cututtuka41,42,43. Ikonsu na daidaita jigilar jijiyoyi ba wai kawai ya dogara ne akan samar da mahaɗan da suke samarwa waɗanda zasu iya ko kuma zasu iya iyakance watsawar jijiyoyi ba, har ma da yawan motsi na hanyoyin sadarwar su. A cikin kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa, duka ƙaruwa da raguwar ayyukan hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi suna haifar da faɗaɗa cikin sauri na yankin sararin samaniya na microglial saboda haɓakar hanyoyin jijiyoyi na microglial44,45. Musamman ma, ana ɗaukar ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na microglial kusa da synapses na thalamocortical da aka kunna kuma suna iya hana ayyukan synapses masu motsawa ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka haɗa da samar da adenosine na gida ta hanyar microglia.
A cikin berayen da aka yi wa magani da LPS da aka miƙa wa GSM-1800 MHz tare da SARACx a 1.55 W/kg, raguwar ayyukan ƙwayoyin ACx ya faru tare da haɓakar hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka nuna ta hanyar manyan wuraren da aka shafa Iba1 a cikin ACx28 Increase. Wannan lura ya nuna cewa sake fasalin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka haifar ta hanyar fallasa GSM na iya taimakawa sosai ga raguwar amsawar ƙwayoyin cuta da GSM ya haifar a cikin martanin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka haifar da sauti. Bincikenmu na yanzu yana jayayya kan wannan hasashe a cikin mahallin fallasa kai na LTE tare da SARACx da aka iyakance zuwa 0.5 W/kg, saboda ba mu sami ƙaruwa a cikin yankin sarari da aka rufe da hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Duk da haka, wannan bai kawar da duk wani tasirin siginar LTE akan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka kunna ta LPS ba, wanda hakan na iya shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don amsa wannan tambayar da kuma tantance hanyoyin da kumburin ƙwayoyin cuta mai tsanani ke canza martanin ƙwayoyin cuta ga siginar LTE.
A saninmu, ba a taɓa yin nazarin tasirin siginar LTE akan sarrafa ji ba a da. Nazarinmu na baya 26,28 da kuma binciken da ake yi a yanzu sun nuna cewa a yanayin kumburi mai tsanani, fallasa kai ga GSM-1800 MHz ko LTE-1800 MHz ya haifar da canje-canje masu aiki a cikin martanin ji a cikin ACx, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙaruwar matakin ji. Saboda aƙalla manyan dalilai guda biyu, bai kamata fallasa LTE ɗinmu ya shafi aikin cochlear ba. Da farko, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin binciken dosimetry da aka nuna a Hoto na 2, mafi girman matakan SAR (kusan 1 W/kg) suna cikin cortex na dorsomedial (ƙasa da eriya), kuma suna raguwa sosai yayin da mutum ke motsawa a gefe da gefe. Sashen ventral na kai. Ana iya kiyasta cewa yana da kusan 0.1 W/kg a matakin pinna na bera (ƙasa da magudanar kunne). Na biyu, lokacin da kunnuwa na guinea alade suka fallasa na tsawon watanni 2 a GSM 900 MHz (kwanaki 5/mako, awa 1/rana, SAR tsakanin 1 zuwa 4 W/kg), babu wani canji da za a iya ganowa a cikin girman samfurin karkacewar Otoacoustic Matsakaicin Haɗawa da Amsoshin Tsarin Kwakwalwa na Auditory 47. Bugu da ƙari, maimaita fallasa kai ga GSM 900 ko 1800 MHz a SAR na gida na 2 W/kg bai shafi aikin ƙwayoyin gashi na waje na cochlear a cikin berayen lafiya48,49 ba. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da bayanan da aka samu a cikin mutane, inda bincike ya nuna cewa fallasa ga EMF na mintuna 10 zuwa 30 daga wayoyin salula na GSM ba shi da tasiri mai dorewa akan sarrafa ji kamar yadda aka tantance a matakin cochlear50,51,52 ko matakin kwakwalwa53,54.
A cikin bincikenmu, an lura da canje-canjen harbin jijiyoyi da LTE ya haifar a cikin jiki awanni 3 zuwa 6 bayan an gama fallasa. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi a baya kan ɓangaren dorsomedial na cortex, an ga tasirin da GSM-1800 MHz ya haifar a awanni 24 bayan fallasa ba a sake gano su ba a awanni 72 bayan fallasa. Wannan shine lamarin da faɗaɗa hanyoyin microglial, raguwar kwayar halittar IL-1ß da kuma gyaran masu karɓar AMPA bayan fassara. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cortex na ji yana da ƙarancin ƙimar SAR (0.5W/kg) fiye da yankin dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), canje-canjen da aka ruwaito a nan sun bayyana a matsayin na ɗan lokaci.
Bayananmu ya kamata su yi la'akari da iyakokin SAR masu cancanta da kuma kimanta ainihin ƙimar SAR da aka cimma a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na masu amfani da wayar hannu. Ka'idojin yanzu da ake amfani da su don kare jama'a sun saita iyakar SAR zuwa 2 W/kg don fallasa kai ko jiki ga mitoci na rediyo a cikin kewayon 100 kHz da 6 GHz RF.
An yi kwaikwayon allurai ta amfani da nau'ikan kan ɗan adam daban-daban don tantance shan ƙarfin RF a cikin kyallen kai daban-daban yayin sadarwa ta kai ko wayar hannu. Baya ga bambancin samfuran kan ɗan adam, waɗannan kwaikwayon suna nuna manyan bambance-bambance ko rashin tabbas wajen kimanta kuzarin da kwakwalwa ke sha bisa ga sigogin jiki ko na tarihi kamar siffar kwanyar waje ko ta ciki, kauri, ko abun da ke cikin ruwa. Nau'ikan kai daban-daban sun bambanta sosai dangane da shekaru, jinsi, ko mutum 56,57,58. Bugu da ƙari, halayen wayar salula, kamar wurin da eriya ta ciki da matsayin wayar salula dangane da kan mai amfani, suna tasiri sosai kan matakin da rarraba ƙimar SAR a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa59,60. Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da rarrabawar SAR da aka ruwaito a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta ɗan adam, waɗanda aka kafa daga samfuran wayar salula waɗanda ke fitar da mitoci na rediyo a cikin kewayon 1800 MHz58, 59, 60, da alama matakan SAR da aka samu a cikin kwakwalwar ji ta ɗan adam har yanzu ba a yi amfani da su sosai ba rabin ƙwayar kwakwalwa ta ɗan adam. Bincikenmu (SARACx 0.5 W/kg). Saboda haka, bayananmu ba sa ƙalubalantar iyakokin ƙimar SAR da ke aiki ga jama'a a yanzu.
A ƙarshe, bincikenmu ya nuna cewa fallasa kai ɗaya kawai ga LTE-1800 MHz yana tsoma baki ga martanin jijiyoyi na ƙwayoyin cortical ga abubuwan da ke motsa ji. Dangane da halayen da aka yi a baya na tasirin siginar GSM, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa tasirin siginar LTE akan ayyukan jijiyoyi ya bambanta dangane da yanayin lafiya. Kumburin jijiyoyi mai tsanani yana sa jijiyoyi su koma LTE-1800 MHz, wanda ke haifar da canjin tsarin aikin ji na cortical.
An tattara bayanai a cikin kwanaki 55 daga kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na beraye maza manya 31 da aka samu a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Janvier. An ajiye beraye a wurin da ake sarrafa danshi (50-55%) da zafin jiki (22-24 °C) tare da zagayowar haske/duhu na awanni 12/12 (hasken yana kunne da ƙarfe 7:30 na safe) tare da samun damar cin abinci da ruwa kyauta. An gudanar da duk gwaje-gwajen bisa ga jagororin da Majalisar Al'ummomin Turai ta kafa (2010/63/EU Council Directive), waɗanda suka yi kama da waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin Ƙungiyar Ka'idojin Jijiyoyi don Amfani da Dabbobi a Binciken Jijiyoyi. Kwamitin Ɗabi'a na Paris-Sud da Cibiyar sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya ta amfani da hanyoyin da wannan kwamiti ya tabbatar a ranar 32-2011 da 34-2012.
An saba da dabbobi zuwa ɗakunan dakunan mahaifa na tsawon akalla mako 1 kafin a yi musu maganin LPS da kuma fallasa su ga LTE-EMF.
An yi wa beraye ashirin da biyu allurar E. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) a cikin ciki (intraperitoneal) tare da ruwan saline isotonic wanda ba shi da endotoxin sa'o'i 24 kafin a fallasa LTE ko a fallasa shi ga wani abu mai kama da sham (n ga kowace ƙungiya). = 11). A cikin berayen Wistar maza na watanni 2, wannan maganin LPS yana samar da amsawar kumburin jijiyoyi wanda aka yiwa alama a cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar kwayoyin halittar pro-inflammatory da yawa (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) an daidaita su awanni 24 bayan allurar LPS, gami da ƙaruwa sau 4 da 12 a cikin matakan rikodin da ke ɗauke da enzyme NOX2 da interleukin 1ß, bi da bi. A wannan lokacin awanni 24, ƙwayoyin cortical microglia sun nuna yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta "mai yawa" da ake tsammani ta hanyar kunna ƙwayoyin halitta na LPS (Hoto na 1), wanda ya bambanta da kunna LPS da wasu suka yi. Kunna pro-inflammatory na ƙwayoyin halitta yayi daidai da 24, 61.
An yi amfani da tsarin gwaji da aka yi amfani da shi a baya don tantance tasirin GSM EMF26. An yi amfani da hasken LTE sa'o'i 24 bayan allurar LPS (dabbobi 11) ko kuma babu maganin LPS (dabbobi 5). An yi wa dabbobi allurar ketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, ip; xylazine 10 mg/kg, ip) kafin a fallasa su don hana motsi da kuma tabbatar da cewa kan dabbar yana cikin eriya ta madauki wadda ke fitar da siginar LTE wurin da za a iya sake samarwa a ƙasa. Rabin berayen daga keji ɗaya sun yi aiki a matsayin masu sarrafawa (dabbobi 11 da aka fallasa su da sham, daga cikin beraye 22 da aka riga aka yi musu magani da LPS): an sanya su a ƙarƙashin eriya ta madauki kuma an saita kuzarin siginar LTE zuwa sifili. Nauyin dabbobin da aka fallasa da waɗanda aka fallasa sun yi kama da juna (p = 0.558, gwajin t-ba tare da haɗin kai ba, ns). An sanya duk dabbobin da aka sanya musu maganin sa barci a kan wani abin dumama mara ƙarfe don kiyaye zafin jikinsu a kusa da 37°C a duk lokacin gwajin. Kamar yadda yake a cikin Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya, an saita lokacin fallasa zuwa awanni 2. Bayan fallasa, sanya dabbar a kan wani abin dumama a ɗakin tiyata. An yi amfani da irin wannan hanyar fallasa ga beraye 10 masu lafiya (ba tare da maganin LPS ba), waɗanda rabinsu an fallasa su ta hanyar ɓoye daga keji ɗaya (p = 0.694).
Tsarin fallasa ya yi kama da tsarin 25, 62 da aka bayyana a cikin binciken da suka gabata, tare da maye gurbin janareta na mitar rediyo don samar da LTE maimakon filayen lantarki na GSM. A takaice, an haɗa janareta na RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Jamus) wanda ke fitar da filin lantarki na LTE - 1800 MHz zuwa amplifier mai ƙarfi (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, Amurka), mai zagayawa (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, Faransa), mai haɗa hanyoyi biyu (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, Faransa) da mai raba wutar lantarki mai hanyoyi huɗu (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, Faransa), yana ba da damar Expose dabbobi huɗu a lokaci guda. Mita mai wutar lantarki (N1921A, Agilent, Amurka) da aka haɗa da mai haɗa hanya biyu ya ba da damar ci gaba da aunawa da sa ido kan abin da ya faru da ƙarfin da aka nuna a cikin na'urar. Kowane fitarwa an haɗa shi da eriya ta madauki (Sama-Sistemi) srl; Roma), wanda ke ba da damar fallasa wani ɓangare na kan dabbar. Eriya ta madauki ta ƙunshi da'irar da aka buga tare da layukan ƙarfe guda biyu (dielectric constant εr = 4.6) wanda aka sassaka a kan wani abu mai rufi da epoxy substrate. A gefe ɗaya, na'urar ta ƙunshi waya mai faɗin mm 1 wanda ke samar da zobe da aka sanya kusa da kan dabbar. Kamar yadda a cikin binciken da ya gabata26,62, an ƙayyade takamaiman ƙimar sha (SAR) ta hanyar lambobi ta amfani da samfurin beraye na lamba da hanyar yanki na lokaci mai bambanci (FDTD)63,64,65. An kuma ƙayyade su ta hanyar gwaji a cikin samfurin beraye masu kama da juna ta amfani da binciken Luxtron don auna hauhawar zafin jiki. A wannan yanayin, ana ƙididdige SAR a cikin W/kg ta amfani da dabarar: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, inda C shine ƙarfin zafi a cikin J/(kg K), ΔT, a cikin °K da Δt Canjin zafin jiki, lokaci a cikin daƙiƙa. An kwatanta ƙimar SAR da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar lambobi tare da ƙimar SAR na gwaji da aka samu ta amfani da samfurin iri ɗaya, musamman a cikin yankunan kwakwalwar bera iri ɗaya. Bambanci tsakanin ma'aunin SAR na lambobi da ƙimar SAR da aka gano ta gwaji shine ƙasa da kashi 30%.
Siffa ta 2a ta nuna rarrabawar SAR a cikin kwakwalwar bera a cikin samfurin bera, wanda ya dace da rarrabawa dangane da nauyin jiki da girman berayen da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bincikenmu. Matsakaicin SAR na kwakwalwa shine 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (matsakaicin ± SD). Ƙimar SAR sun fi girma a yankin cortical kusa da eriya ta madauki. SAR na gida a cikin ACx (SARACx) shine 0.50 ± 0.08 W/kg (matsakaicin ± SD) (Hoto na 2b). Tunda nauyin jikin berayen da aka fallasa suna da kama da juna kuma bambance-bambance a cikin kauri nama ba shi da yawa, ana sa ran ainihin SAR na ACx ko wasu yankunan cortical zai yi kama sosai tsakanin dabba ɗaya da aka fallasa da wata.
A ƙarshen fallasa, an ƙara wa dabbobi ƙarin allurai na ketamine (20 mg/kg, ip) da xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) har sai ba a ga motsin reflex ba bayan an matse ƙafar baya. An yi wa dabbar allurar maganin sa barci ta gida (Xylocain 2%) allurar a cikin fata da tsokar temporalis a sama da kwanyar, sannan aka sanya dabbobin a kan tsarin dumama mara ƙarfe. Bayan sanya dabbar a cikin firam ɗin stereotaxic, an yi tiyatar craniotomy a kan ɓangaren hagu na temporary cortex. Kamar yadda a cikin bincikenmu na baya66, farawa daga haɗuwar ƙasusuwan parietal da temporary, buɗewar tana da faɗin mm 9 da tsayi 5 mm. An cire dura da ke sama da ACx a hankali a ƙarƙashin kulawar binocular ba tare da lalata jijiyoyin jini ba. A ƙarshen aikin, an gina tushe a cikin simintin hakori na acrylic don daidaita kan dabbar a lokacin rikodi. Sanya firam ɗin stereotaxic da ke tallafawa dabbar a cikin ɗakin rage acoustic (IAC, samfurin AC1).
An samo bayanai daga rikodin raka'a da yawa a cikin babban ɓangaren ji na beraye 20, gami da dabbobi 10 da aka riga aka yi wa magani da LPS. An samo rikodin daga waje daga jerin electrodes tungsten 16 (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) wanda ya ƙunshi layuka biyu na electrodes 8 da aka tanada 1000 µm daban-daban (350 µm tsakanin electrodes a jere ɗaya). An saka waya ta azurfa (ø: 300 µm) don yin ƙasa tsakanin ƙashin temporal da dura ta akasin haka. Matsakaicin wurin da aka kiyasta na farko ACx shine bayan bregma 4-7 mm da ventral 3 mm zuwa suture na supratemporal. An ƙara siginar da ba ta da amfani sau 10,000 (TDT Medusa) sannan aka sarrafa ta hanyar tsarin tattara bayanai na tashoshi da yawa (RX5, TDT). An tace siginar da aka tattara daga kowane electrode (610–10,000 Hz) don cire ayyukan naúrar da yawa. (MUA). An saita matakan trigger a hankali ga kowane electrode (ta hanyar masu haɗin gwiwa waɗanda aka makantar da su ga yanayin fallasa ko fallasa) don zaɓar mafi girman ƙarfin aiki daga siginar. Binciken kan layi da na waje na siffofin raƙuman ruwa ya nuna cewa MUA da aka tattara a nan ya ƙunshi ƙarfin aiki da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi 3 zuwa 6 suka samar kusa da electrodes. A farkon kowace gwaji, mun saita matsayin jerin electrode ta yadda layuka biyu na electrodes takwas za su iya yin samfurin neurons, daga amsawar ƙananan zuwa mita mai yawa lokacin da aka yi su a cikin yanayin rostral.
An samar da abubuwan da ke motsa sauti a Matlab, an aika su zuwa tsarin isar da sauti mai tushen RP2.1 (TDT) sannan aka aika su zuwa lasifikar Fostex (FE87E). An sanya lasifikar a nisan santimita 2 daga kunnen dama na beran, inda nisan da lasifikar ta samar da mitar lebur (± 3 dB) tsakanin 140 Hz da 36 kHz. An yi gyaran lasifikar ta amfani da hayaniya da sautuka masu tsabta da aka yi rikodin su da makirufo na Bruel da Kjaer 4133 da aka haɗa su da preamplifier B&K 2169 da mai rikodin dijital Marantz PMD671. An tantance filin karɓa na Spectral Time (STRF) ta amfani da mitoci 97 na gamma-tone, wanda ya ƙunshi octaves 8 (0.14–36 kHz), wanda aka gabatar a tsari bazuwar a 75 dB SPL a 4.15 Hz. Ana ƙayyade Yankin Amsawar Mita (FRA) ta amfani da saitin sautuka iri ɗaya kuma an gabatar da su a tsari bazuwar a 2 Hz daga 75 zuwa 5 dB SPL. Kowane mita ana gabatar da shi sau takwas. a kowane ƙarfi.
An kuma tantance martanin da aka bayar ga abubuwan da suka shafi halitta. A cikin binciken da muka yi a baya, mun lura cewa sautunan bera ba sa haifar da martani mai ƙarfi a cikin ACx, ba tare da la'akari da yawan sautin neuronal ba (BF), yayin da takamaiman xenograft (misali, sautin tsuntsu ko na alade) galibi Taswirar sautin gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, mun gwada martanin cortical ga sautunan murya a cikin aladu na Guinea (busa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 36 an haɗa shi da sau 1 na abubuwan da suka faru, an gabatar da shi sau 25).

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